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【Passage 1】
The world is at a social, environmental and economic tipping point. Subdued growth, rising inequalities and accelerating climate change provide the context for a backlash against capitalism, globalization, technology, and elites. There is gridlock in the international governance system and escalating trade and geopolitical tensions are fueling uncertainty. This holds back investment and increases the risk of supply shocks: disruptions to global supply chains, sudden price spikes or interruptions in the availability of key resources.
Persistent weaknesses in the drivers of productivity growth are among the principal culprits. In advanced, emerging and developing economies, productivity growth started slowing in 2000 and decelerated further after the crisis. Between 2011 and 2016, “total factor productivity growth” – or the combined growth of inputs, like resources and labour, and outputs - grew by 0.3 percent in advanced economies and 1.3 percent in emerging and developing economies.
The financial crisis added to this deceleration. Investments are undermined by uncertainty, low demand and tighter credit conditions. Many of the structural reforms designed to revive productivity that were promised by policy-makers did not materialize.
Governments must better anticipate the unintended consequences of technological integration and implement complementary social policies that support populations through the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Economies with strong innovation capability must improve their talent base and the functioning of their labor markets.
Adaption is critical. We need an a well-functioning labour market that protects workers, not jobs. Advanced economies need to develop their skills base and tackle rigidities in their labour markets. As innovation capacity grows, emerging economies need to strengthen their skills and labour market to minimize the risks of negative social spillovers.
Sustainable economic growth remains the surest route out of poverty and a core driver of human development. For the past decade, growth has been weak and remains below potential in most developing countries, seriously hampering progress on several of the UN’s 2030 sustainable development Goals (SDGs).
The world is not on track to meet any of the SDGS. Least developed countries have missed the target of 7 percent growth every year since 2015. Extreme poverty reduction is decelerating. 3.4 billion people – or 46 percent of the world’s population – lived on less than US$5.50 a day and struggled to meet basic needs. After years of steady decline, hunger has increased and now affects 826 million up from 784 million in 2015. A total of 20 percent of Africans population is undernourished. The “zero hunger” target will almost certainly be missed.
参考译文
世界正处在社会、环境和经济的转折点。当前经济增长乏力、不平等加剧以及气候变化加速，为抵制资本主义、全球化、技术进步和精英主义提供了条件。随着国际治理体系陷入僵局，贸易摩擦愈演愈烈，地缘政治紧张局势升级，更是加剧不确定性。这种情况阻碍了投资，加大了供应冲击的风险：全球供应链中断、价格突涨或关键资源供应中断。
生产率增长一直缺乏动力，是一个主要原因。在发达经济体、新兴经济体和发展中经济体，生产率增长从2000年开始放缓，经过危机加速了放缓。2011年至2016年间，发达经济体的"全要素生产率增长"——或资源和劳动力等投入与产出的综合增长--增长0.3%，新兴和发展中经济体增长1.3%。
金融危机加剧了经济减速增长。因不确定性、需求低迷和信贷收紧，投资遭到削弱。政策制定者承诺的旨在恢复生产率的许多结构性改革并没有落地。
各国政府必须更精准地预测技术融合的非预期后果，并实施配套社会政策，帮助人们度过第四次工业革命。创新能力强大的经济体，必须改善本国人才基础，完善劳动力市场运作。
顺应变化至关重要。我们需要一个完善的劳动力市场，它保护的是工人而不是岗位。发达经济体需要发展技能基础，解决劳动力市场体制僵化问题。随着创新能力不断增长，新兴经济体需要加强技能和劳动力市场，以最大限度降低社会负面溢出效应的风险。
经济可持续增长仍然是脱贫的最可靠途径，也是推动人类发展的核心动力。在过去十年中，大多数发展中国家的经济增长一直疲软，低于潜力水平,严重阻碍了若干联合国2030年可持续发展目标(SDGs)的实现。
世界还没有走上实现任一可持续发展目标的正轨。自2015年以来，最不发达国家每年都没有实现7%的增长目标。消除极端贫困的速度正在减缓。34亿人——即世界人口的46%——每天靠不到5.50美元的生活费，艰难满足基本需求。多年来，由于经济持续衰退，饥荒人口从2015年的7.84亿增加到现在的8.26亿人。现在非洲共有20%人口处于营养不良状态。几乎可以肯定，“零饥饿”目标无法实现。
【Passage 2】
In the mid-1800s a caterpillar, the size of a human finger, began spreading across the northeastern U.S. This appearance of the tomato hornworm was followed by terrifying reports of fatal poisonings and aggressive behavior towards people. In July 1869 newspapers across the region posted warnings about the insect, reporting that a girl had died after a run-in with the creature. That fall a local newspaper printed an account from a doctor. The physician warned that the caterpillar was “as poisonous as a rattlesnake” and said he knew of three deaths linked to its venom.
Although the hornworm is a voracious eater that can strip a tomato plant in a matter of days, it is, in fact, harmless to humans. Entomologists had known the insect to be innocuous for decades, and his claims were widely mocked by experts. So why did the rumors persist even though the truth was readily available? People are social learners. We develop most of our beliefs from the testimony of trusted others such as our teachers, parents and friends. This social transmission of knowledge is at the heart of culture and science. But as the tomato hornworm story shows us, our ability has a gaping vulnerability: sometimes the ideas we spread are wrong.
Over the past five years, the ways in which the social transmission of knowledge can fail us have come into sharp falls. Misinformation shared on social media has fueled an epidemic of false belief. The same basic mechanisms that spread fear about the tomato hornworm have now intensified – and, in some cases, led to – a profound public mistrust of basic societal institution.
“Misinformation” may seem like a misnomer here. After all, many of today’s most damaging false beliefs are initially driven by acts of disinformation, which are deliberately deceptive and intended to cause harm. But part of what makes disinformation so effective in an age of social media is the fact that people who are exposed to it share it widely among friends and peers who trust them, with no intention of misleading anyone. Social media transforms disinformation into misinformation.
Many social scientists have tried to understand how false beliefs persist by modeling the spread of ideas as a contagion. In a contagion model, ideas are like viruses that go from mind to mind. You start with a network, which consists of nodes, representing individuals, and edges, which represent social connections. You seed an idea in one “mind” and see how it spreads.
参考译文
19世纪中期，一种毛毛虫开始在美国东北部蔓延，它个头有人手指那么大，名叫蕃茄天蛾幼虫，随后出现了蕃茄天蛾幼虫毒死人和攻击人的可怕报道。1869年7月，东北部地区的报纸都刊登发了蕃茄天蛾幼虫的警告，并报道一个女孩在接触蕃茄天蛾幼虫后死亡。1869年秋天，当地一家报纸刊发了一位医生的口述。这位医生警告说，蕃茄天蛾幼虫"和响尾蛇一样毒"，并称他听说有三个人的死亡与蕃茄天蛾幼虫毒液有关。
虽然蕃茄天蛾幼虫贪婪成性，短短几天内就能吃完一株西红柿的叶子，但事实上，它对人类是无害的。几十年前，昆虫学家就知道这种昆虫是无害的，因此这位医生的说法普遍遭昆虫学家嘲笑。那么，为什么在真相唾手可得，而谣言依然顽固不死呢?这是因为人类是社会学习者。我们的大部分观念都是靠老师、父母和朋友等值得信赖的人的口耳相传建立起来的。这种知识的社会传播是文化和科学的核心。但是，蕃茄天蛾幼虫的故事告诉我们，人类传播知识的能力有一个巨大弱点，即有时我们传播的观点是错误的。
在过去五年中，知识的社会化传播能使我们感到失望的情况急剧减少。在社交媒体上分享的错误信息，助长了错误观念的扩散。传播人类对蕃茄天蛾幼虫的恐惧相同基本机制，现在加剧了公众对基本社会制度的严重不信任，在某些情况下，也导致了公众对基本社会制度的严重不信任。
此处"错误信息"似乎是一个用词不当。毕竟，当今许多最具破坏性的错误观念最初都是因为传播虚假信息的行为造成的，这些虚假信息是故意骗人的，意在害人。但在社交媒体年代，虚假信息之所以如此大行其道，部分原因是接触到虚假信息的人，在信任自己的朋友和同伴之间广泛传播，虽然他无意误导任何他人。通过社交媒体，虚假信息变成了错误信息。
为了理解错误观念为何阴魂不散，许多社会科学家试图按传染病传播方式建立思想传播模型。在一个传染模型中，思想就像病毒一样，从一个大脑传染到另一个大脑。首先，你需要一个网络，网络中的节点表示一个个个体，网络中的边代表社会联系，在一个"大脑"中播撒一个想法后，观察它是如何传播的。
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