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垃圾分类
随着人民生活水平和消费水平的提高，中国的垃圾问题日益严峻。很多城市被垃圾包围。面对日益增长的垃圾产量和环境状况的恶化，中国政府正在努力推行垃极分类(garbage classification)的政策。垃圾分类是指将垃圾分为可回收利用和不可回收利用两类，要求人们将垃圾投放至不同的垃圾桶(trash can)，通过不同的清理、运输和回收方式，使之变成新的资源。它可以减少垃圾处理量，降低处理成本，减少土地资源的消耗，对社会、经济、生态三方面都有益。
【译文】
With the improvement of people's living standards and the increase in consumption level, the garbage problem in China becomes increasingly urgent. Many cities are surrounded by garbage. Confronted with the growing garbage output and deteriorating environment, the Chinese government is implementing the policy of garbage classification with great effort. Garbage classification means dividing garbage into recyclable and unrecyclable, and requires people to put garbage into different trash cans so that it can become new resources through different ways of cleaning, transporting and recycling. It can reduce not only the amount of garbage that needs to be disposed of, but also the deposing cost and the usage of the land, benefiting our society, economy, and environment.
【点拨】
1. 第二句中的“面对日益增长的垃圾产量和环境状况的恶化”，其逻辑主语是后面的“中国政府”，故此处可采用过去分词短语作状语，置于句首，译成confronted with the growing garbage output and deteriorating environment。
2.“垃圾分类是指将垃圾分为…使之变成新的资源”句子较长，由三个短句组成，第一、第二个短句主语均是“垃圾分类”，因此可用and连接两个谓语“是指”和“要求”。“要求人们…”用require sb.to do结构。“通过……方式使之变成新的资源”可看作是“人们将垃圾投放至不同的垃圾桶”的结果，可用so that连接，加强句子逻辑。
3.最后一句的主干可理解为“它可以减少…，降低…，减少…”，三个谓语动词都可用reduce来翻译，因此可共一个动词，后接不同的宾语，用not only...but also...连接。“对社会、经济、生态三方面都有益”则可处理成现在分词短语benefiting...,表结果。
低碳生活
低碳生活(low-carbon life)对于我们普通人来说是一种态度，我们应该积极提倡并去实践，从自己做起，从节约水电这些点滴做起。除了植树，有的人买运输里程很短的商品，还有人坚持爬楼梯，形形色色，非常有趣。“低碳生活”的理念逐渐被世界各国所接受。低碳生活的出现不仅告诉人们可以为减碳做些什么，还告诉人们可以怎么做。在这种生活方式逐渐兴起的时候，大家开始关心自己每天是否为减碳做了什么。
【译文】
Low-carbon life is an attitude for ordinary people, and we should actively advocate and practice low-carbon life by doing it from ourselves and by starting bit by bit from saving water and electricity.Besides planting trees, some people purchase goods within a short delivery distance and others stick to climbing stairs. People do various things to live a low-carbon life,which is really interesting.“Low-carbon life”concept has gradually been accepted worldwidely. The emergence of low-carbon lifestyle not only introduces to people what they can do for carbon reduction, but also tells them how they can do it. As this lifestyle gradually becomes popular, people begin to ask themselves whether they have contributed something to carbon reduction every day.
【点拨】
1.从自己做起，从节约水电这些点滴做起:承接前一句翻译为by doing it from ourselves and by starting bit by bit from saving water and electricity,使得句子结构更紧凑，表意更清晰。
2.坚持: 文中译为stick to,也可译为insist on或persist in,后面接名词或者动名词。
3.低碳生活的出现: 可译为the emergence of low-carbon lifestyle。其中emergence意为“出现”。
4.减碳: 可译为carbon reduction。reduction意为“减少，下降”。
京剧脸谱
京剧脸谱(the facial makeup of Beijing Opera)是具有民族特色的一种独特的化妆方法。它最大的特点在于借助不同的色彩来展示人物的性格。脸谱的颜色使观众对人物的善恶美丑一目了然。通常红色代表忠诚;黑色象征正直;紫色意味公正;黄色喻示残暴(brutality)。此外，脸谱还常常带有图案(design)来表述某个故事，比如后羿脸谱上有九个太阳，表明他曾经用箭射掉了九个太阳。
【译文】
The facial makeup of Beijing Opera is a unique makeup method with Chinese national characteristics. It has the best feature of showing the characters with various colorful facial paintings. The audience knows the good or evil character of a role directly based on the color of the face. Usually, red represents loyalty; black integrity; purple justice, and yellow brutality. In addition, the facial makeup often comes with designs to tell some story. For instance, Hou Yi has nine suns painted on his face, indicating that he has ever shot nine suns from the sky.
【点拨】
1.第2句中的“最大的特点在于......”了直译为Its most distinguishing feature is...，也可用 have the best feature of...的形式表示“其拥有的最大特点是......”，of后接特点的具体内容。
2.第3句如果逐字对译为 the colors of the facial makeup make the audience know directly about the good or evil character则略显生硬绕口，不如把句子结构转换为“观众对.......目了然”，译为the audience knows... directly...。把“脸谱的颜色”处理成状语，用过去分词短语based on引出，可使句子读起来更流畅。“善恶美丑”中的“善”即是“美”，“恶”即是“丑”，属于汉语行文中的双重表达习惯，翻译时仅表达单层意思good or evil即可。
3.第4句用了四个并列的结构，且四个动词“代表”、“象征”、“意味”、“喻示”意义相同，故翻译时可只翻译第1个动词为represent，后面1个则承前省略，使句子结构更为紧凑简沽。
4.最后一句中的“脸谱还常常带有图案”如果直译为the facial makeup has designs则表达不清，根据“带有”一词可考虑用表伴随的短语come with来表达，使句义更简洁明了。“来表述某个故亊”表目的，故将其译作to tell some story，“表明……”可用现在分词短语indicating...，表伴随动作。
本草纲目
《本草纲目》(The Compendium of Materia Medica)是明代(the Ming Dynasty)著名的医学家李时珍所著。这部著作近乎200万字，记载药物(medical substance) 1892种。除了中草药(Chinese herhal medicine)，该书也包含了动物和矿物质作为药物的记载。《本草纲目》堪称中医史上最完整的医书，对各种药物的名称、气味、形态等都做了详尽的介绍。它被翻译成20多种语言并在全世界广为流传。即便现在，人们还常常将它用作医学参考书。
【译文】
The Compendium of Materia Medica is written by Li Shizhen, a famous medical scientist in the Ming Dynasty. With almost 2 million Chinese characters, the book lists 1,892 kinds of medical substances. Besides Chinese herbal medicines, it includes animals and minerals used as medicinal substances. The Compendium of Materia Medica is regarded as the most complete medical book in the history of traditional Chinese medicine. Detailed introductions of all the medical substances are given in the book, including name, smell, appearance, etc. It has been translated into more than 20 languages and spreads all over the world. Even now it is still often used as a reference book in medicine.
【点拨】
1.第1句中“著名的医学家”和“李时珍”所指为同一个人，故将前者处理为后者的同位语,表达为Li Shizhen, a famous medical scientist。
2.第2句为并列的两个汉语短句，合为一句翻译的处理办法是将其中一个句子“介词化”,将前半句用介词短语With almost 2 million Chinese characters来表达，符合英语中多用介词短语的表达习惯。句首的“这部著作”(the book)移到第2个分句中作主语。
3.第3句中的“作为药物的”可处理为“动物和矿物质”的后置定语，用过去分词短语used as medical substances表被动。
4.第4句“《本草纲目》堪称……最完整的医书，对各种药物……做了详尽的介绍”可直译为并列结构The book is regarded as... and introduces in detail...，但因句子成分太多而显繁冗，故可对该句进行拆译，处理成两个独立的句子。第2个分句“对各种药物……做了详尽的介绍”可增译主语the book，也可转换宾语“介绍”(introduction)为主语，用被动语态，整句译作 Detailed introductions... are given..., including...。
5.最后一句可按汉语句式直译为Even now people still often use it as a reference book in medicine, 但如将主语转换成it，将句子转换成被动语态，则能与全文的论述视角更为统一。
国画
国画(Chinese painting)是世界上最古老的艺术传统之一。绘画时用毛笔蘸黑墨或彩墨在纸张或丝绸上作画。根据表现手法，国画可分为写意派(the Xieyi school)和工笔派(the Gongbi school)两大类。写意派以自由表达和形式夸张为特点;工笔派则注重以精细的笔法描绘细节。山水画被公认为国画的最高形式。纵观历史，不同时期的国画都相应地反映出人们的社会意识。
【译文】
Chinese painting is one of the oldest artistic traditions in the world. The painting is done on paper or silk with a brush dipped in black or colored ink. According to the means of expression, Chinese paintings can be divided into two categories which are the Xieyi school and the Gongbi school. The Xieyi school is characterized by free expression and exaggerated forms, while the Gongbi school attaches importance to detail with fine brushwork. Landscape painting is widely regarded as the highest form of Chinese painting. Throughout history, the Chinese paintings at different times mirror people's social consciousness accordingly.
【点拨】
1.第2句为无主语句，翻译时可补充出主语one，译作When painting, one uses a brush to dipit in black ink...，但这种译法显得较为繁冗。此处宜把时间状语“绘画时”转换成主句is done,“用毛笔蘸黑墨......”处理成方式状语，用介词短语with a brush dipped inblack...来表达，这样句子更简洁、逻辑关系更强。
2.在第3句中，“可分为几大类”可译为短语be divided into...categories;“写意派和工笔派”则可用定语从句which are...来表达。
3.第4句含有对比的并列结构，可用表对比的连词while来连接。该句中的“注重……描绘细节”译成attach importance to detail即可达意，省译“描绘”;“以精细的笔法”是方式状语，可用介词短语with fine brush work来表达，置于句末。
4.在最后一句中，定语“不同时期的”较长，可将其处理成后置定语，表达为at different times/periods。
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