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话题：劳动力利用不足与经济增长
According to a new International labour organization, unemployment is projected to increase by around 2.5 million in 2020. As the global labour force increases, not enough new jobs are being generated to absorb new entrants to the labour market. Almost half a billion people are working fewer paid hours than they would like or lack adequate access to paid work.
For millions of ordinary people, it's increasingly difficult to build better lives through work. Persisting and substantial work-related inequalities and exclusion are preventing them from finding decent work and better futures. That's an extremely serious finding that has profound and worrying implications for social cohesion.
The mismatch between labour supply and demand extends beyond unemployment into broader labour underutilization. In addition to the global number of unemployed (180million), 165 million people don't have enough paid work and 120 million have either given up actively searching for work or otherwise lack access to the labour market. In total, more than 470 million people worldwide are affected.
At the global level, income inequality is higher than previously thought, especially in developing countries. Worldwide, the share of national income going to labour (rather than to other factors of production) declined substantially between 2004 and 2017, from 54 percent to 51 percent. With this economically significant fall being most pronounced in Europe, Central Asia and the Americas.
Moderate or extreme working poverty is excepted to edge up in 2020-21 in developing countries, increasing the obstacles to achieving Sustainable Development Goal I on eradicating poverty everywhere by 2030. Currently working poverty (defined as earning less than us$3.20 per day in purchasing power parity terms) affects more than 630 million workers, or one in five of the global working population.
Other significant inequalities-—defined by gender, age, and geographic location—remain stubborn features of current labour markets, limiting both individual opportunities and general economic growth. In particular, a staggering 267 million young people caged 15-247 are not in employment, education, or training situation, and many more endure substandard working conditions.
The report cautions that intensifying trade restrictions and protectionism could have a significant impact on employment, both directly and indirectly.
Looking at economic growth, the current pace and form of growth is hampering efforts to reduce poverty and improve working conditions in low-income countries.It is recommended that the type of growth needs to shift to encourage higher-value added activities, through structural transformation, technological upgrading and diversification.
Labour underutilization and poor-quality jobs mean our economies and societies are missing out on the potential benefits of a huge pool of human talent. We will only find a sustainable inclusive path of development if we tackle these kinds of labour market inequalities and gaps in access to decent work.
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