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2020年翻译资格考试（catti）一级笔译材料（10）
Health Care: Things Are Looking App
医疗保健：应用越来越有用
Mobile health apps are becoming more capable and potentially rather useful
移动健康应用功能日渐强大，而且可能相当有用
Savile Row in London is best known for producing some of the world’s finest bespoke suits. But tucked away in a quiet corner of the same street is a firm that gives tailored health advice through a smartphone app. Your.MD uses artificial intelligence to understand natural-language statements such as “I have a headache” and ask pertinent follow-up questions. The app typifies a new approach to mobile health (also known as m-health): it is intelligent, personalised and gets cleverer as it gleans data from its users.
伦敦萨维尔街(Savile Row)最出名的便是制作世界上最好的定制西服。但就在这同一条街道的一处安静街角，隐匿着一家通过智能手机应用为用户提供有针对性健康建议的公司。这款应用就是Your.MD，它利用人工智能来理解诸如“我头疼”等自然语句，并询问相关的后续问题。该应用代表了移动健康(又称为m-health)的新方式：它智能化、个性化，并在收集用户数据过程中变得越来越聪明。
There are now around 165,000 health-related apps which run on one or other of the two main smartphone operating systems, Apple’s IOS and Google’s Android. pwC, a consulting firm, forecasts that by 2017 such apps will have been downloaded 1.7 billion times. However, the app economy is highly fragmented. Many providers are still small, and most apps are rarely, if ever, used.
如今在苹果的iOS和谷歌的安卓这两个主要的智能手机操作系统上运行的健康相关应用约有16.5万个。咨询公司普华永道(pwC)预测，到2017年，这类应用的下载次数将达到17亿次。当然，应用经济高度分散。许多供应商依然很小，而且，大多数应用只有很少人使用，甚至没有人使用。
That said, the successful ones are highly popular. As apps and wearables become increasingly capable and useful, and smartphones continue their march of dominance, m-health has a promising future. BCC Research, which studies technology-based markets, forecasts that global revenues for m-health will reach $21.5 billion in 2018, with Europe the largest m-health market.
尽管如此，成功的应用还是受到热捧。随着应用和可穿戴设备的功能越来越强、用处越来越大，以及智能手机继续雄霸天下，移动健康的发展前景一片光明。BCC研究(BCC Research)专注于基于技术的市场的分析，它预测，全球移动健康的收入将在2018年达到215亿美元，而欧洲将成为最大市场。
So far, most smartphone health apps fall squarely into the category of “wellness”. Along with portable sensors such as the Fitbit wristband, such apps help people to manage and monitor their exercise, diet and stress levels. Other types of app, such as WebMD and iTriage, repackage medical information already found online, and offer information about symptoms and treatments. Some, such as ZocDoc, let users book consultations with doctors.
到目前为止，大多数智能手机的健康应用都属于“健康”范畴。与Fitbit手环等便携式传感器一道，这些应用帮助人们管理和监控自己的锻炼、饮食与压力水平。诸如WebMD和iTriage等其他类型的应用把已经找到的在线医疗信息重新打包，并提供有关症状和治疗的信息。一些应用，如ZocDoc，让用户预约医生就诊。
However, m-health increasingly promises to do more of the heavy lifting in medicine. First, there is a growing range of apps through which users can talk directly to doctors and therapists. These include Teladoc, Doctor On Demand, Health Tap and pingmd. Since late 2014 Walgreens, an American pharmacy chain, has been offering an app called MDLive, which provides 24-hour access to a doctor for $49 a consultation. patients will soon be able to chat with artificial-intelligence health advisers rather like Your.MD, but through messaging apps. Second, and with potentially more far-reaching effects on the quality of care, there is an emerging breed of apps that monitor and diagnose patients with a variety of ailments, in some cases predicting and thus helping to avert health crises.
然而，移动健康越来越有望担负更多的医学重任。首先，用户用以同医生和治疗师直接沟通的应用不断增多。这些应用包括Teladoc、Doctor On Demand、Health Tap和pingmd。自2014年底以来，美国连锁药店沃尔格林(Walgreens)提供了一款名为MDLive的应用，花费49美元即可在任何时间找医生诊断一次。很快，患者便可通过即时通讯应用与人工智能健康顾问聊天，就像Your.MD一样。其次，目前有一类新兴的应用，可以对有多种疾病的患者进行监测和诊断，在一些情况下，还能预测病情从而帮助避免突发急症。这些发展对护理质量有更深远的潜在影响。
Cerora, a firm from Bethlehem, pennsylvania, has created a headset, with an associated smartphone app, which monitors brain health. The headset measures brainwaves and tracks eye movement; the app uses the smartphone’s internal sensors to test patients’ balance and reaction times. Cerora plans to launch the product this year, subject to review by America’s Food and Drug Administration (FDA); it could help diagnose concussion and other neurodegenerative diseases. Cellscope, of San Francisco, offers a smartphone attachment that lets parents see inside a child’s ear, take photos or video, and send them to a doctor.
美国宾夕法尼亚州伯利恒市(Bethlehem)的Cerora公司发明了一款用来监控大脑健康的耳机以及相关的智能手机应用。这款耳机测量脑电波并跟踪眼球运动;其应用则利用智能手机内部的传感器来测试患者的平衡和反应时间。Cerora公司计划今年推出这款产品，前提是通过美国食品药品管理局(FDA)的审查。它可以帮助诊断脑震荡和其他神经退行性疾病。旧金山的CellScope公司提供了一款智能手机配件，让父母能够看到孩子的耳朵内部，拍摄照片或视频，并把它们发给医生。
A small number of patients, mostly the chronically sick, are disproportionately costly in any health-care system. M-health offers a continuous, long-term means of monitoring them, with the potential to improve the way conditions such as cardiovascular disease, epilepsy, asthma and diabetes are managed.
在每一个医疗保健系统中，总有一小部分患者，大多是慢性病患者，其治疗费用远高于其他病患。移动健康为他们提供了一种连续而长期的监控手段，并有可能改善心血管疾病、癫痫、哮喘和糖尿病等病症的治疗。
patients with diabetes constantly have to make decisions on medication, food and activity, says Hooman Hakami of Medtronic Diabetes, a maker of medical devices; and most will go for months between doctor’s appointments. Medtronic, allied with IBM’s Watson, an artificial-intelligence system, is creating an app to predict, three hours in advance, when a patient will experience high or low blood-sugar levels. It will gather data from Medtronic’s insulin pumps and glucose monitors, worn by the patient, and combine these with information on the user’s diet, and data from activity trackers. Among other providers of diabetes-related m-health services is Diabetes+Me, whose app is already showing that it can improve patient outcomes while reducing costs. Novartis, a Swiss drugs giant, is set to test a glucose-monitoring contact lens, developed by Google.
医疗器械制造商美敦力糖尿病部门(Medtronic Diabetes)的胡曼·哈卡米(Hooman Hakami)表示，糖尿病患者经常要决定如何使用药物、选择饮食和进行活动;而且，大多数患者要好几个月才找医生诊断一次。美敦力联合IBM的人工智能系统沃森(Watson)，正在设计一款应用，在病人出现高血糖或低血糖水平之前3小时做出预测。这款应用通过穿戴在患者身上的美敦力胰岛素泵和血糖监测仪收集数据，并把这些数据与用户的饮食信息及活动跟踪器的数据相结合。其他与糖尿病相关的移动健康服务提供者还有Diabetes+Me，其应用已经证实能够改善患者的治疗效果并降低成本。瑞士制药巨头诺华(Novartis)正准备测试一种由谷歌开发的监测葡萄糖的隐形眼镜。
Apps on prescription
处方上的应用
Constant, wireless-linked monitoring may spare patients much suffering, by spotting incipient signs of their condition deteriorating. It may also spare health providers and insurers many expensive hospital admissions. When Britain’s National Health Service tested the cost-effectiveness of remote support for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, it found that an electronic tablet paired with sensors measuring vital signs could result in better care and enormous savings, by enabling early intervention. Some m-health products may prove so effective that doctors begin to provide them on prescription.
通过发现患者病情恶化的初期迹象，经由无线连接的持续监测也许会为患者避免许多痛苦。它也可能为医疗机构和保险公司免除多项高昂的住院费用。在考核对慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者远程支持的成本效益时，英国国民健康服务体系(National Health Service)发现，通过早期干预，一种与测量生命体征的传感器配对的电子片剂可能会带来更好的护理并极大地节省费用。一些移动健康产品可能证明非常有效，因而医生们开始把它们写进处方。
So far, big drugmakers have been slow to join the m-health revolution, though there are some exceptions. HemMobile by pfizer, and Beat Bleeds by Baxter, help patients to manage haemophilia. Bayer, the maker of Clarityn, an antihistamine drug, has a popular pollen-forecasting app. GSK, a drug firm with various asthma treatments, offers sufferers the MyAsthma app, to help them manage their condition.
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