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2020CATTI高级笔译材料：中国推广健康码监控疫情
中国推广健康码监控疫情和民众
In Coronavirus Fight, China Gives Citizens a Color Code, With Red Flags
HANGZHOU, China — As China encourages people to return to work despite the coronavirus outbreak, it has begun a bold mass experiment in using data to regulate citizens’ lives — by requiring them to use software on their smartphones that dictates whether they should be quarantined or allowed into subways, malls and other public spaces.
中国杭州——随着中国政府在冠状病毒暴发的情况下鼓励人们重返工作岗位，它开始了一项大胆的大规模试验，利用数据来规范人们的生活——通过要求人们使用智能手机上的软件来确定他们是否应该被隔离，还是可以进入地铁、商场和其他公共场所。
But a New York Times analysis of the software’s code found that the system does more than decide in real time whether someone poses a contagion risk. It also appears to share information with the police, setting a template for new forms of automated social control that could persist long after the epidemic subsides.
但根据《纽约时报》对软件代码的分析发现，该系统不仅可以实时判断某人是否具有传染风险。它似乎还与警方共享信息，为新的自动化社会控制方式设定了模板，在疫情消退后可能会长期存在。
The Alipay Health Code, as China’s official news media has called the system, was first introduced in the eastern city of Hangzhou — a project by the local government with the help of Ant Financial, a sister company of the e-commerce giant Alibaba.
中国官方新闻媒体称该系统为“支付宝健康码”，最早是在东部城市杭州推出的——这是当地政府在蚂蚁金服的帮助下开展的一个项目，蚂蚁金服是电子商务巨头阿里巴巴的姊妹公司。
people in China sign up through Ant’s popular wallet app, Alipay, and are assigned a color code — green, yellow or red — that indicates their health status. The system is already in use in 200 cities and is being rolled out nationwide, Ant says.
中国用户可以通过蚂蚁金服广受欢迎的钱包应用——支付宝进行注册，随后被分配一个颜色码——有绿色、黄色或红色——用来代表他们的健康状况。蚂蚁金服表示，该系统已经在200个城市投入使用，并正在全国范围内推广。
Neither the company nor Chinese officials have explained in detail how the system classifies people. That has caused fear and bewilderment among those who are ordered to isolate themselves and have no idea why.
该公司和中国官员都没有详细解释该系统是如何对用户进行分类的。这让那些被强制自我隔离却不知道原因的人感到恐惧和困惑。
The sharing of personal data with the authorities further erodes the thin line separating China’s tech titans from the Communist party government.
与有关当局分享个人数据的做法，进一步侵蚀了区分中国科技巨头与共产党政府之间的细线。
The Times’s analysis found that as soon as a user grants the software access to personal data, a piece of the program labeled “reportInfoAndLocationTopolice” sends the person’s location, city name and an identifying code number to a server. The software does not make clear to users its connection to the police. But according to China’s state-run Xinhua news agency and an official police social media account, law enforcement authorities were a crucial partner in the system’s development.
时报的分析发现，一旦用户授权该软件访问个人数据，一个名为“向警方报告信息和地点(reportInfoAndLocationTopolice)”的程序就会把用户的位置、城市名称和识别编码发送给服务器。该软件没有向用户说明它与警方的联系。但据官方的新华社和一个公安官方社交媒体账户称，执法部门是这一系统开发的关键合作伙伴。
While Chinese internet companies often share data with the government, the process is rarely so direct. In the United States, it would be akin to the Centers for Disease Control and prevention using apps from Amazon and Facebook to track the coronavirus, then quietly sharing user information with the local sheriff’s office.
尽管中国的互联网企业经常与政府共享数据，但这个过程很少如此直接。在美国，这种做法类似于疾病控制和预防中心(Centers for Disease Control and prevention)使用亚马逊和Facebook的应用程序追踪冠状病毒，然后悄悄与当地警长办公室共享用户信息。
Zhou , Hangzhou’s Communist party secretary, recently called the health code system “an important practice in Hangzhou’s digitally empowered city management” and said the city should look to expand the use of such tools, according to state news media.
据官方媒体报道，杭州市委书记最近称健康码系统是“杭州数字赋能城市治理的重要实践”，他还说杭州应该拓展这类工具的应用。
Such surveillance creep would have historical precedent, said Maya Wang, a China researcher for Human Rights Watch. China has a record of using major events, including the 2008 Beijing Olympics and the 2010 World Expo in Shanghai, to introduce new monitoring tools that outlast their original purpose, Ms. Wang said.
人权观察组织(Human Rights Watch)的中国研究员(Maya Wang)表示，这种偷偷摸摸的监控是有历史先例的。她说，中国有利用重大事件推出新监控工具的记录，比如2008年北京奥运会和2010年上海世博会，这些工具的用途已经超出了其创造初衷。
“The coronavirus outbreak is proving to be one of those landmarks in the history of the spread of mass surveillance in China,” she said.
“冠状病毒暴发将会是中国开展大规模监控历史上的里程碑事件之一，”她说。
In a statement, Ant Financial’s general counsel, Chen, said that Ant required all third-party developers, including those offering health code services, to adhere to its data security and privacy requirements, which include obtaining user consent before providing services. “The collaboration between private and public sectors in epidemic control is a common global practice,” Mr. Chen said.
蚂蚁金服集团首席法务合规官在一份声明中表示，蚂蚁金服要求包括提供健康码服务在内的所有第三方开发者遵守其数据安全和隐私要求，包括在提供服务前获得用户同意。“私营部门和公共部门在流行病控制方面的合作是一种全球惯例，”陈磊明说。
The early days of the epidemic seemed to expose the limits of Beijing’s expensive computerized snooping. Blacklists targeting criminals and dissidents floundered at the task of monitoring entire populations. Facial recognition proved easily flummoxed by face masks.
疫情初期似乎暴露了北京所费不赀的电脑化监控的局限性。针对罪犯和异议者的黑名单难以完成对全部人口的监控任务。口罩很容易就让面部识别技术失去作用。
In response, China has stepped up its efforts to ensure, mostly with the help of old-fashioned human enforcement, that citizens leave digital footprints wherever they go.
作为回应，中国政府加紧努力，主要是在旧式人力执法的帮助下，确保公民无论走到哪里，都能留下数字踪迹。
Across the country, workers in train stations and outside residential buildings record people’s names, national ID numbers, contact information and details about recent travel. In some cities, residents now have to register their phone numbers with an app to take public transportation.
在全国各地，火车站和居民楼外的工作人员记录人们的姓名、身份证号码、联系方式和最近出行的详细信息。一些城市的居民如今乘坐公共交通得扫码登记电话号码。
The Alipay Health Code’s creators say it uses big data to draw automated conclusions about whether someone is a contagion risk.
支付宝健康码的创造者表示，它可以利用大数据自动得出某人是否具有传染风险的结论。
After users fill in a form on Alipay with personal details, the software generates a QR code in one of three colors. A green code enables its holder to move about unrestricted. Someone with a yellow code may be asked to stay home for seven days. Red means a two-week quarantine.
用户在支付宝上填写个人信息后，该软件会生成三种颜色之一的二维码。绿码允许持有人不受限制地活动。拿黄码的人可能会被要求在家隔离7天。红码意味着隔离两周。
In Hangzhou, it has become nearly impossible to get around without showing your Alipay code. propaganda-style banners remind everyone of the rules: “Green code, travel freely. Red or yellow, report immediately.”
在杭州，如果不展示支付宝健康码，你几乎不可能出门。宣传横幅提醒每个人遵守规则：“‘绿码’凭证通行，‘红黄’立刻报告。”
At times during a recent visit, tensions over the code were evident. Two subway guards said older passengers, annoyed by the phone checks, had cursed and yelled at them. When one middle-age man barged through a line, a guard had to run him down. As she did, others slipped by, their phones unchecked.
在最近一次造访中，记者看到因健康码引发的冲突时有发生。两名地铁保安说，一些老年乘客在检查手机时被惹恼，对他们大骂大叫。一名中年男子试图强闯，一名保安不得不把他撂倒。就在她这么做的时候，其他人趁机开溜，手机都没查。
In a Feb. 24 news briefing, officials said that more than 50 million people had signed up for health codes in Zhejiang province, whose capital is Hangzhou. That is almost 90 percent of the province’s population. Of these codes, 98.2 percent were green, which means nearly a million people had yellow or red codes.
在2月24日的新闻发布会上，官员们表示浙江省已有5000多万人注册使用健康码，杭州是该省的省会。这几乎占到该省人口的90%。在所有健康码中，98.2%是绿码，意味着近100万人是黄码或红码。
An official webpage with questions and answers about the service says a yellow or red code may be given to someone who has had contact with an infected person, visited a virus hot zone or reported having symptoms in the sign-up form. This suggests that the system draws on information about coronavirus cases and government-held data on plane, train and bus bookings.
一个关于这项服务的官方问答页面称，一个人如果与感染者有过接触、到过病毒热点地区，或在注册表格中报告有症状出现，都可能得到黄码或红码。这表明，该系统利用了冠状病毒的病例信息，以及政府掌握的飞机、火车和长途大巴的预订数据。
Beyond that, however, The Times’s analysis also found that each time a person’s code is scanned — at a health checkpoint, for instance — his or her current location appears to be sent to the system’s servers. This could allow the authorities to track people’s movements over time.
除此之外，时报的分析还发现，每当一个人的健康码在例如健康检查站等地点被扫描的时候，他或她的当前位置似乎就会发送到系统的服务器。这可能会让当局在一段时间内追踪到用户的活动。
Ant Financial declined to answer questions about how the system worked, saying that government departments set the rules and controlled the data. Alipay has 900 million users across China. Ant is part-owned by Alibaba, whose shares trade in New York and are owned by major international investors.
蚂蚁金服拒绝回答有关该系统如何运作的问题，称政府部门制定规则并掌控数据。支付宝在中国有9亿用户。蚂蚁金服的部分股权由阿里巴巴持有，后者的股票在纽约交易，由国际投资大户持有。
Tencent, the Chinese internet giant that runs the messaging app WeChat, which has over a billion monthly users, has also worked with the authorities to build its own health code system.
中国互联网巨头腾讯运营的通讯应用程序微信每月用户超过10亿，该公司也与政府合作，建立了自己的健康码系统。
Leon Lei, 29, signed up for an Alipay code before leaving his hometown, Anqing, to return to work in Hangzhou. At first, his code was green. But a day before he departed, it turned red, and he didn’t know why. Anqing has not been especially hard hit by the virus, though it neighbors Hubei province, the center of the outbreak.
29岁的里昂在离开老家安庆返回杭州工作之前，注册了支付宝健康码。一开始，他得到了绿码。但在出发前一天变成了红码，他也不知道原因。安庆受病毒影响并不是特别严重，尽管这里与疫情暴发的中心湖北省相邻。
On the road to Hangzhou, officers at two highway exits saw his digital scarlet letter and stopped him from taking the exit. Only at a third exit was he allowed to pass.
在返杭路上，两个高速路出口的警察看到了他的数码红字，都不许他下高速。直到第三个出口，他才被允许通过。
“The broad rules aren’t public,” Mr. Lei said. “How it assigns red or yellow codes isn’t public. And there’s no clear way to make your code turn green.”
“对于健康码的大致规则不公开，”里昂说。“红和黄的命中规则也没公开，怎么能转绿也没明确的途径。”
Both Alibaba and Ant Financial have their headquarters in Hangzhou, and as the system expands nationwide, other places may not enforce it as stringently. According to the Xinhua news agency, 100 Chinese cities were using the system within a week of its introduction in Hangzhou on Feb. 11.
阿里巴巴和蚂蚁金服的总部都在杭州，随着该系统在全国范围内推广，其他地方可能不会执行得那么严格。据新华社报道，2月11日杭州推出健康码系统后，一周之内已经落地超过100城。
Complaints began flooding social media almost as quickly.
抱怨几乎以同样的速度充斥于社交媒体。
Vanessa Wong, 25, works in Hangzhou but has been stuck for weeks in her hometown in Hubei province. She has no symptoms. But her health code is red, and both her employer and her housing complex in Hangzhou require people to have a green code to be allowed back.
25岁的瓦妮莎在杭州工作，但已经被困在湖北老家几个星期了。她没有任何症状。但她的健康码是红色，她的雇主和在杭州居住的小区都只允许持绿码的人回来。
So far, she has heard nothing from the authorities about when she might expect her code to change color. Her best guess is that it’s red simply because she is in Hubei.
到目前为止，她还没有从当局得到任何关于她的健康码何时能变色的消息。她揣测，拿红码很有可能只是因为她来自湖北。
Hangzhou officials have acknowledged the unease the system has caused. At a recent news conference, they urged citizens to report glitches and inaccuracies to the authorities.
杭州官员承认，这个系统引发了不安。在最近的一次新闻发布会上，他们敦促市民向当局报告系统故障和误差。
“Even if a yellow code or a red code appears, don’t be nervous,” said Tu , the deputy secretary-general of the city’s Communist party committee.
“即使出现了黄码或者红码也不要紧张，”杭州市委副秘书长说。
Holed up at home and unable to concentrate on her work, Ms. Wong is feeling helpless. She cannot help noticing that the system encourages a kind of regional prejudice.
被禁足在家，无法专心工作，瓦妮莎·黄感到很无助。她不由地注意到这个系统所助长的地域偏见。
“It pides people up based on where they’re from,” she said. “Isn’t that discrimination?”
“按地域划分不是歧视吗?”她说。
With fear of the virus still acute, many in China take comfort in high-tech precautions, even if they are at times impractical and dysfunctional. Doo Wang, 26, said her code was red for a day before it inexplicably changed to green. Calling a support hotline yielded no answers. Yet she still approves of the system.
由于对病毒的恐惧依然严重，许多中国人对高科技预防措施感到放心，即便这些措施有时不切实际、功能不良。26岁的王斗(音)说，她的健康码红了一天，然后莫名其妙变成了绿色。但她仍然认可这一系统。
“If we had to use it indefinitely, that would be crazy — just way too big a pain,” Ms. Wang said. “But for the epidemic, it makes sense.”
“如果以后一直要用，简直无法想象，太麻烦了，”王女士说。“但是现在为了疫情是合理的。”
She shrugged off the privacy concerns. “Alipay already has all our data. So what are we afraid of? Seriously.”
她并不在乎对隐私的顾虑。“支付宝已经有我们所有的数据了，我们还怕什么呢，对吧。”
注：双语全文源自纽约时报中文网
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