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新型冠状病毒微课视频
--- 世卫组织官方发布l CNoveoronavirus宣传片
In December 2019, there was a cluster (= group) of pneumonia cases in China. Investigations found that it was caused by a previously unknown virus – now named the 2019 Novel Coronavirus. In this video, we’ll take a quick look at what’s currently known about the virus. Keep in mind that this is a new virus and what’s known about the virus now might change in the future.
Coronaviruses are a large group of viruses. They consist of a core of genetic material surrounded by an envelope 包膜with protein spikes蛋白质尖峰. This gives it the appearance of a crown. Crown in Latin is called “corona” and that’s how these viruses get their name.
There are different types of coronaviruses that cause respiratory 呼吸道的and sometimes gastrointestinal 胃肠道的symptoms. Respiratory disease can range from the common cold to pneumonia. And in most people, the symptoms tend to be mild. However, there are some types of coronaviruses that can cause severe disease. These include the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome严重急性呼吸系统综合征 coronavirus first identified 被确定身份—>发现in China in 2003 and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus that was first identified in Saudi Arabia in 2012.
The 2019 Novel Coronavirus was first identified in China. It initially occurred in a group of people with pneumonia who’d been associated with a seafood and live animal market in the city of Wuhan. The disease has since spread from those who were sick to others, including family members and health care staff. There are many cases at present and the disease has spread within China and also to a number of other countries.
So, where did the virus come from?
It’s known that coronaviruses circulate循环/传播 in a range of animals. Sometimes these viruses can make the jump from animals to humans. This is called a spillover溢出效应and could be due to a range of factors such as mutations 病毒突变in the virus or increased contact between humans and animals. For example, MERS-CoV is known to be transmitted from camels and SARS-CoV, from civet cats果子狸. The animal reservoir 蓄水池/水库à动物库of the 2019 Novel Coronavirus is not known yet.
How is it transmitted?
The exact dynamics 动态of how the virus is transmitted is yet to be determined. In general, respiratory viruses are usually transmitted through droplets飞沫 created when an infected person coughs or sneezes, or through something that has been contaminated感染 with the virus.
People most at risk of infection from the Novel Coronavirus are those in close contact with animals, such as live animal market workers, and those who are caring for people infected with the virus, such as family members or healthcare workers.
So, how does the disease present呈现?
Well, from what is known so far, there can be a number of symptoms ranging from mild to severe. There can be fever and respiratory symptoms such as cough and shortness of breath. In more severe cases, there’s been pneumonia, kidney failure, and death. The mortality rate死亡率 is not known yet.
How can we tell whether someone is infected?
The infection can be diagnosed 诊断by a test called PCR 聚合酶链反应or Polymerase Chain Reaction. This test identifies the virus based on its genetic fingerprint遗传指纹. There is currently no specific medication for the virus and treatment is supportive care. There’s currently no vaccine to protect against the virus. Treatment and vaccines are in development.
How do we prevent transmission of the virus?
This new virus currently has a limited geographic spread. However, there are a number of standard hygiene 卫生practices that have been recommended to protect against infection and further spread. These include covering your mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing with a medical mask, tissue or flexed elbow弯曲的胳膊肘; avoiding close contact with those who are unwell; the appropriate use of masks and personal protective equipment, especially in a healthcare setting医疗环境中; washing hands regularly with soap and water, or alcohol-based hand rub洗手液. Actions that can be taken to prevent infection from an animal source include: avoiding unnecessary unprotected contact with animals; washing hands after contact with animals or animal products; and ensuring that animal products are cooked thoroughly before they’re consumed.
It’s important to stay home if you’re feeling unwell. But if you have a fever, cough, and difficulty breathing, seek medical care early and share your previous travel history with your healthcare provider.
That’s a quick look at this emerging infectious disease. Given that this outbreak is evolving rapidly, what’s known about this virus can change, please check the websites below for the most up-to-date information.
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